Japan and the EU in the global economy

Why is Japan a good case study to help Europe overcome the economic and ﬁnancial crisis that started more than ﬁve years ago? What can Japan learn from Europe’s experience? Japan and the EU are both open econ...

Europe’s social problem and its implications for economic growth

The European Union faces major social problems. More than six million jobs were lost from 2008-13 and poverty has increased. Fiscal consolidation has generally attempted to spare social protection from spending cuts, but...

The long haul: managing exit from financial assistance

Countries can make a clean exit from financial assistance, or enter a new programme or a precautionary programme, depending on the sustainability of their public debt and their vulnerability to shocks. Ireland mad...