Leading in spending, lagging in innovation: German defence procurement compared to the UK and Poland
Full report available here...
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European defence markets: overcoming national preference and external dependence
paper published as part of the European University Institute report: pdf...
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Greener but thinner? Assessing green bond market liquidity
New scientific working paper (pdf) Since the first green bond was issued in 2007, the market has expanded significantly and now accounts for around 3% of the global bond universe. We study the liquidity of green bonds. I...
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Reforming European defence procurement to boost military innovation and startups
European defence procurement practices must evolve to embrace innovative startups and small firms, in order to meet modern battlefield needs New Bruegel policy brief is here. Covered by Reuters and FT among others....
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Understanding US foreign military sales globally since 2008: an analysis of a new dataset
This paper introduces a new and unique dataset of all United States Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programme notifications from 2008 to September 2025. The dataset covers purchasing countries, specific equipment ...
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Europe’s dependence on US foreign military sales and what to do about it
Our Bruegel policy brief is available here. Press: Financial Times, FAZ , El Pais, Oped: Handelsblatt, La libre belgique, To vima, Rzeczpospolita, Economista, Executive summary Worries about Europe’s dependence on the Un...
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In the new geopolitical context, Europe’s banking discussions need to go beyond competitiveness
Europe has recently pivoted to regulatory simplification with the aim to boost competitiveness. This column argues that in banking the debate needs to go beyond competitiveness and be embedded within a broader strategic ...
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Climate change mitigation and the preservation of nature: towards a joint-up agenda
Our new paper is out as a CEPR chapter available here....
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Fit for war by 2030? European rearmament efforts vis-à-vis Russia
A new report for Bruegel and Kiel can be downloaded here....
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The governance and funding of European rearmament
Europe must accelerate rearmament through deeper cooperation and innovative governance to counter Russia’s aggression and shifting US policies. Our policy presented at the informal ECOFIN meeting in Warsaw on 12 April (l...
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